Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Theory Of Natural Law - 876 Words

Paul makes use of the concept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Paul makes use of the concept of natural law in his works of the New Testament. In Romans, the messages are written in such a way that they depict the idea of natural law, which can be attributed to God’s creation. This situation implies that natural law is directly linked to the laws that dictate the relationship between God and human beings as He created the world. These further shows that the laws are referred to as being natural because they existed before any person’s birth. Therefore, it is the role of every person in society to adhere to them. In the first three chapters of Romans, Paul reveals that it should be human nature to stick to the natural law because all the mentioned duties have been derived from the nature of humanity. Paul further acknowledges the natural law in the context where he gives a description of the ethical responsibilities that some of the ancient pagans never fulfilled. In this case, he mentions that the Pagans were never controlled by the natural law, but they would be termed as being the law themselves. Features of the natural law according to Paul In Romans, Paul gives out various instances and examples where the natural law is applicable in the human race. It is through the examples that one can get some features of the natural law. One major features of the natural law is the aspect of universality. This quality implies that natural law is applicable toShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Natural Law899 Words   |  4 Pageswhen perfected, is the best of animals, but when separated from law and justice, he is the worst of all,† quoted the renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle , giving birth to the notions of natural law; the theory that without law we would be reduced to an anarchical society. Because of this, some would argue that the purpose of law would be to instill in the members of society a set of moral codes, which further illustrates the belief laws save us from ourselves, or more appropriately our â€Å"true selves†Read More Natural Law Theory Essay661 Words   |  3 Pages Natural Law Theory The natural law theory is a theory that dates back to the time of the Greeks and great thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Defined as the law which states that human are inborn with certain laws preordained into them which let them determine what is right and what is wrong.(Bainton 174) This theory was them adapted by religious philosophers to fit the Christian religion.(Berkhof 114) This, however was not exactly the same as the original. The classical thinkers were the firstRead MoreThe s Natural Law Theory1219 Words   |  5 Pages The Aquina’s Natural Law Theory has five primary precepts: Reproduction, Life (living to the supreme good), education in adult life, worshiping God, and law and order (Natural Law Theory, 2010). With this being one theory that Christians live by, I think these five precepts would be very easy to automatically disagree with some, if not all of these scientific advancements. Such as birth control and homosexuality, but with the changes in society s view, so does the natural law. The Stoics believedRead MoreExplain the Theory of Natural Law1808 Words   |  8 PagesJanuary 2001 Explain the theory of Natural law (25 marks) The theory of natural law originates from Aristotle’s idea of goodness as fitness for purpose and stoic’s concept of a universal law of reason which is in agreement with nature. What we now call human nature. This point is then furthered by Aquinas who agrees with the argument but furthers it by linking it with his Christian belief by saying following this law is equivalent to following the command of God as human nature is in us inbuiltRead MoreNatural Law Theory Essay6453 Words   |  26 PagesAccording to Jenkins, â€Å"The natural law theory begins with theories about the nature and purpose of the world and moves on to ask about the purpose of every action or object. The right thing to do is that which fulfils the natural purpose.† Natural law was developed by Thomas Aquinas, in which he believed that there is such a thing as natural moral law. Natural law ethics depends on the belief that the world was designed by a creator, God. It teaches everything God m ade has a purpose, including everyRead MoreDivine Command Theory And Natural Law Theory948 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, one thing is undeniable, these age old systems of belief and worship of a higher being or deity were, in a sense, their own moral systems, two of which are Divine Command Theory and Natural Law Theory. These two systems, among others, once guided and advised ancient humans in moral judgements. Divine Command Theory is a proposed relationship between moral correctness and the higher deity’s commands, henceforth the deity will be called god. This situation is elaborated upon in a dialogue betweenRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory And The Natural Law Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesthat have this ability since animals cannot differentiate between right and wrong. (Pisemenny, 2016) Two theories were developed that linked morality and religion are the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory. In this paper, I will discuss how the Divine Command Theory and the Natural Law Theory differ and how the Natural Law Theory is more effective. The Divine Command Theory is a theory that was analyzed by many philosophers and it is believed mainly by Christians, Jews, and Muslims. (RachelsRead MoreThe Divine Command Theory, And Natural Law Theory1369 Words   |  6 Pagestwo theories have a large impact on the thinking process of humans on an everyday basis. This process then leads up to a person valuing different things more than others. The separation of objective and subjective theories all boil down to whether or not a theory is universal or not. A subjective theory has an absence of universal truths, and an objective theory has universal truths. Two vary popular theories that will take part in my research were the Divine Command Theory, and Natural law theoryRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory Of Human Nature954 Words   |  4 Pageswe steal something. This is because it feels natural for us to feel that we did something right or wrong. The natural law theory tells us that an action is morally right if it is natural and an action is wrong if it is unnatural. This means that human morality comes from nature and has a purpose to live a good life. If someone’s actions are preventing them from making them live a good life, then their actions are considered unnatural. So the natural law is to act in such a way to live a good lifeRead MoreDivine Command And Natural Law Theory869 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up in a Christian household I have always felt that my own ethical code was largely shaped by the rules and laws that are stated in the bible. Although I don t agree with some interpretations of these rules and laws, as I’ve grown up I have developed my own code stemming deeply from my religion. For this reason, I believe that divine command/natural law theory are the closest related ethical systems to my own ethical code even though there are many flaws that come with them. Divine command

Vulnerability and Resilience in Logistics

Question: Discuss about the Vulnerability and Resilience in Logistics. Answer: Introduction: The below research explains Logistics Management strategies. Linking the strategies and explaining its applications in the real world, by taking the case study of a successful company like Dell, is the main purpose. It explains the role of proper implementation of logistics management strategies that makes the business a super success or a complete failure. Dell was found by Micheal Dell at the age of 19 in 1984 with only $1000. Dell was then known as PCs Limited. In 1988 PC's Limited was renamed as Dell Computer Corporation. Dell has an annual growth rate of approximately 80 percent. At first, Dell was just involved in enhancing IBM computers. Since 1985 Dell started to build own PCs. With the evolution of time, Dell has emerged as one of the leading technology companies. They now provide end-to-end technological solutions by upgrading their expertise to the highest and the finest level. Fortune 500 ranked Dell number one in 2013. About Logistics Management: Logistics management is the process of controlling the whole process of product delivery, from procuring of raw materials to distribution and maintenance (Grant, 2012). It also involves developing and marketing new products and providing customer service. According to the Council of Supply Chain Management, it is the management of the flow of goods to and fro from the origin to the delivery point. It helps to maintain all intermediate steps properly to meet customer requirements satisfactorily. Lai and Wong (2012) stated that it is a very important part of any manufacturing organization and it has a direct impact on its success and failure. Some of the basic factors of logistic management are transportation management, freight and inventory management, handling materials and fulfilling orders properly on time. Effectively implementing Logistics Management strategies in a company increases its revenue. It also controls the making and maintenance costs, marginally brings down the trans portation costs and improves the customer service part (Prajogo et al. 2012). Some of the best companies gaining competitive advantage through effective logistic management are Wall-Mart, Toyota, Starbucks, Dell, and Zara. Fundamental Reasons for Dells success: Dell is successful due to its highly accelerated framework of processing and delivering products to customer's door step. Delivery timeline of Dell is extremely less and counted in hours and days as compared to other companies taking weeks to deliver (Dell, 2017). They have also invested hugely on developing customer relationship through online support systems. The company has a transparent visibility of the customer issues and can address them faster since there are no intermediaries for this process (Dell, 2017). This creates a positive impact on the company on customers. They pay great attention to the quality of the products developed. They focus on upgrading their technology on a continuous basis. They always look after their service and never fail to supply products according to demands. They customize their products according to the needs of the customers (Dell.com, 2017). One of the key features of their success is that they understand the requirements of their customers and provide them with their relevant solution. They have introduced strategies to give elite service to their key customers. On the other hand, they develop products, which are cost effective and can serve the mass (Dekker et al. 2012). From time to time, they give att ractive offers to customers for increasing their sale. The goods are transferred to the consumers through third party logistics (Kovacs, and Spens, 2012). They combine the peripherals like printers with the delivery so that the transport becomes cost effective for both the customer and the organization. Dell has strategies to maintain a transparent connection between the sales and production team and the suppliers. Dell builds very few raw materials required for their production. The main success of their speedy productivity depends on the materials supplied by outside components (Dell, 2017). Relationship of Dell with the suppliers is such that the supply chain delivers the required materials in very short time, which can be just an hour also. A huge credit for Dell's on time customer service goes to these suppliers. To encourage them Dell has introduced an award system. Every year eight suppliers are chosen for this award program, based on their quality and continuation of services. Acknowledgment is also given for maintaining cost affectivity. Another key feature of Dells success is developing a common standard platform and later customizing the product according to the customer requirements (Gianpaolo et al. 2013). Customers are drawn to products having varied functionalities. As the organization is transparently linked to the customers, customization is not a major issue for them. Another benefit of using very few common platforms is that they do not need to retain huge stocks. Comparison of Logistics Management between Dell and Zara: Zara is a good example of effectively managing logistics. Spanish-born Amancio Ortega Gaona founded and established Zara in 1985 (Zara.com, 2017). They function mainly on a demand and supply basis. Super fast delivery, vertical integration, just-in-time services and use of super advanced logistics technology lead to its huge success. Both Dell and Zara are successful examples of Logistics management but their SCM strategies differ hugely based on their working area. In the case of Dell the supply chain management is very simple (Dell.com, 2017). Customers place an order. Dell procures all raw materials from their suppliers, assembles and delivers. For Zara, it is completely different. Designing, manufacturing and distributing the end products are the main work of Zaras SCM professionals (Waters, 2011). Dell has a horizontally integrated supply chain whereas Zara has a vertically integrated supply chain. Dell uses third party suppliers to deliver its finished products. Zara looks after and controls fully the whole process from manufacturing to delivery (Zara.com, 2017). Dell manufactures products based on customization provided by customers. That is it follows configure-to-order philosophy for production. Whereas Zara introduces new designs and manufactures very small quantities of those to make them exclusive and increase the demand. Dell has very low warehouse maintenance costs since seventy percent of its production is based on raw materials s upplied by third party suppliers (Tayur et al. 2012). On the other hand, Zara stores all of its raw materials and hence has to maintain a larger number of warehouses as compared to Dell. Dell follows the indirect distribution of their finished products. Zara has its own distribution team, which helps in distributing the end products directly from the manufacturing end to the store front Gaining Competitive Advantage One of the main processes of gaining competitive advantage is by building a strong network of internal and external suppliers (Seuring and Gold, 2012). Collaboration and building a good relationship with the suppliers is a key to a companys success. When a supplier succeeds with a company it also positively affects its growth through process streamlining, inventory reduction and improved product development. Suppliers play an important part in bringing new ideas for technological up gradation of the company. Risk/Reward sharing is a vital process of procuring good supplier agreements. Another important point is creating vision and direction for a company by aligning its goals with the companys ultimate direction. Efficient supply chain professionals are those who can recognize their relevant function in the company. Doing their job appropriately effectively reduces the employee maintenance costs. It also improves the competitiveness and profitability of the targeted product. Dell effectively streamlines its supply chain processes and provides services to its customers through its strong distribution channels (Ashby et al. 2012). A non co-operative supply chain management system of the company leads to complexities. Successful organizations are always discovering strategies on simplifying the way business is conducted. Outsourcing non-core activities and multiple layers of suppliers play a vital role in increasing complexity of the process. The new technologies introduced should be for simplifying the business structure and for not adding more woes to the company (Wieland et al. 2012). Logistics is a vast area and anything can get wrong at any time. Supplier chains professionals analyze the root cause and cure it of the base rather than treating the outcomes of the raised issue. For example- An issue of increase in missed shipments from suppliers can be solved by treating relevant causes like vendor performance, freight issues, receiving issues. Accelerating product manufacture is not an exact solution for the problem (Chu et al. 2016). Employing financial analysts is one of the key factors of success. Another factor is carrying out the regular analysis with the finance people of the company to find out the exact financial impact of their logistics management strategies. The identification of the correct cause of the loss helps to change the supply chain decisions according to the needs and accelerate the profit of the company. Maintaining competitive advantage Gaining competitive advantage and sustaining it is one of the biggest challenges for an organization. One of the main reasons behind the failure of companies is their inability to hold on to the success by constantly upgrading itself (Li et al. 2011). The continuous gain of competitive advantage is always encouraged by creating a work culture which allows constant up gradation (Barney, J.B., 2012). Training internal and external individuals and encouraging them to cite their opinions always creates new ideas for increasing productivity. For example - DHL targeted the American market by promising overnight delivery. They marketed their service as a one-stop shop for global delivery. The parallel competitors like FedEx and UPS upgraded themselves immensely and fought every new strategy implemented by them (Govindan et al. 2015). DHL, on the other hand, found it very difficult to upgrade itself in the rapidly changing American market and failed immensely. As a result, DHL had to shut down its services in America. It is a known fact that the key reason for the success of Dell is its one-to-one and transparent connectivity with their customers. All these processes are mainly dependent on the internet. For obvious reasons, these models do not work on areas, where there is no access to the internet. These areas can serve as a huge potential market for their products. In availability of internet does not allow users to know about the latest up comings and hence affects the sales on a large basis. Customers lose interest when they cannot find suitable mediums to register their complaints and their issues are not resolved on time (Carter and Liane Easton, 2011). Developing showrooms and customer care centers in these emerging markets can serve as a great booster by fulfilling the gap between the consumer and the organization. Another feature of Dells success is offering customization to customers. It can expand supplier base and enlarge source relationships to offer more choices of configuration to its customers (Jie et al. 2012). When the variety increases, more customers are attracted, enlarging the customer base and thus positively affecting the growth of the company with increased sales. Proper cost cutting strategies need to be developed. All the pros and cons of cost cutting should be taken into consideration before implementing the same. Dell faced a major setback in 2005 for its moves on cost cutting techniques by staffing not more than 500 customer care executives in customer care centers. People had to wait for more than 30 minutes for reaching an executive. As a result, Dell had to shut down its toll-free customer care services (Mangan and Lalwani, 2016). This did not go well with the customers and had a great negative impact on the company. Later Dell had to introduce a $100 million program for improving customer care services and gaining back its competitive advantage over other parallel companies which at that time were surpassing Dells services. Dell needs to expand its services in the international market by introducing new strategies to go global successfully. A thorough research on the market demands and the strategies followed by its parallel competitors in the targeted countries makes it easier to enter foreign market by discovering relevant techniques (Ageron et al. 2012). Points, like designing superior products and improving delivery services to become more efficient, should also be looked after on a regular basis. Suitability in other companies Competition is a main feature of the business industry. All successful businesses have to maintain competitive advantage through rigorous hard work for developing, planning and selling products. Those companies, which can sell faster and better at cheaper rates, are consider as a role model in its area of business. For a company to gain advantage over others it is very necessary to show the customers their difference from others. So all the strategies discussed to maintain gain and maintain competitive advantage over others are applicable for all companies who want to be the best in their field. Any business that does not have competitive advantage will decline gradually. Creating a sustainable competitive advantage is considered as the most important goal for any organization. It is the lifeline of any company related to any field of business. Therefore, features like creating a transparent work culture, upgrading itself to latest technologies, defining and setting business goals, h iring and sustaining productive employees are relevant and useful for all companies. Sustainability and its relevance to Dell Sustainability is the process of development, in which the present needs are fulfilled without harming any natural resources needed for the future. Business sustainability is the process by which companies manage financial, social and environmental risks, obligations and opportunities (Markard et al. 2012). The three areas of impact are people, planet and profit also known as the Triple Bottom Line. It can also be defined as businesses that are connected to healthy social, financial and environmental systems and hence can protect itself from any disaster. These types of businesses contribute to the building of a healthy ecosystem and a healthy society. For a sustainable business growth, critical issues should be taken care of at the finest level. First, the issues that need to be addressed for economic efficiency are innovation, prosperity and productivity. Issues like poverty, community, health and wellness, human rights cater to social equity. Climate changes, acquisition and usage of land and biodiversity are some of the issues related to environmental accountability. For sustainability certain practices need to be followed which are also known as best practices. Understanding the view of opposition and not just imposing one-sided decisions is one of the vital features for an organizations success. In other words engaging stakeholders in joint decision-making is the key feature of sustainability. Evaluating the impact of business on environment is also very important for any organization (Lozano, 2012). The worldwide-recognized standard for managing the ecosystem is ISO 14001. Companies who want their product to be successful, first, have to thoroughly analyze its effects on environment and society. Sustainable businesses also retain maximum employees and are less prone to any financial risk. Some examples of firms taking environment friendly steps are Financial firms developing a paper free office environment, a bank accomplishing carbon free operations. Dell focuses on developing products, which are environment friendly, without reducing their performance. They are aimed at developing products, which can perform more while reducing the impact on nature. They tend to minimize the effects on the planet by effectively utilizing resources and managing the wastes efficiently. Dell contributes on protecting Mother Nature by minimizing the volume of packaging using easily disposable and reusable contents for packaging. Use of natural ingredients like wheat straw, bamboo, and mushroom are encouraged. They reduce the volume of packaging by fitting many materials in one single multipack. It is constantly upgrading its technologies, which leaves a remarkably less environmental footprint and go beyond Green IT. While doing their duty towards nature they also encourage their customers to reduce their footprint. Dell carries out several plant a tree programs from time to time and encourages the involvement f their suppliers and eve customers (Del l.com, 2017). Cases where configure-to-order and postponed production will not work and the reasons behind it: Postponed production is a strategy followed mainly in the service industries (Murphy and Wood, 2010). For firms, it is the postponing of the production and delivery of the final product as long as possible. For retailers, it is the postponing of delivery to its final destination. Assemble-to-order manufacturers postpone the final packaging of the product by assembling the parts according to the user demands. However, it is not a compulsory criterion to be followed by all types of industries. Assortment, demand and the functionality type of organizations are the major driving factors to decide whether to implement configure-to-order work culture (Harrison and van Hoek, 2011). For example, a postponement strategy will not work for companies delivering goods to hospitals or trauma care centers. It is also not a good choice for organizations delivering food. The only points to be kept in mind for these type of industries are the relevant products to be delivered on time according to dema nd. Whereas there are companies where postponed production must be designed for a smooth running of their business. One such example is Avon. Avon has catalogs describing the products to the consumers. It then manufactures products according to the demands of the customers. Conclusion Logistics management is an important and interesting area of concern for any company's all round development. It has largely changed the environment in which a company operates by affecting its structure, nature and management strategies. New tools and techniques are now frequently introduced in companies. It helps to assess the role of logistics in various areas of the business. SCM professionals use logistic tools to measure the cost and performance of a certain product and to measure customer satisfaction. Organizations are now continuously upgrading their logistic management techniques in such a way that it becomes more dynamic in nature. The building of a strong network of the suppliers and the sales and manufacturing team are developing every day. As a result productivity and efficiency of a company are constantly maximizing. Logistics is still considered as an emerging field. Regular enhancement in this area by introducing new logistic tools is still now an important topic of research. From the analysis of Dells growth, it has been observed that it has emerged as one of the leading PC manufacturer company in the world by giving more importance to its logistics and supply chain management strategies. It is well known for its highly innovative logistics. They have a huge customer base. Customers keep full faith in the organization as it has its own effective method of servicing customer issues as fast as possible. Customers are also given full freedom to design their own PC. The innovative and unique ways in which they receive orders, procure raw materials from suppliers and deliver final products to customers gives it a competitive advantage. The strategies, which are followed with their logistic management, are true assets for the development of the company. There are many small and mid-sized manufacturing companies trying to make their mark in the market. Dell's success by implementing effective strategies in logistics department should serve as an eye-opener for all these organizations. The innovation of relevant logistic management policies and its correct implementation serves as a key part of any manufacturing company's success. References Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182 Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of supply chain management,48(2), pp.3-6 Carter, C.R. and Liane Easton, P., 2011. Sustainable supply chain management: evolution and future directions.International journal of physical distribution logistics management,41(1), pp.46-62 Caunhye, A.M., Nie, X. and Pokharel, S., 2012. Optimization models in emergency logistics: A literature review.Socio-economic planning sciences,46(1), pp.4-13 Chu, Z., Chu, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, Q., Lado, A.A. and Lado, A.A., 2016. Customer orientation, relationship quality, and performance: The third-party logistics providers perspective. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 27(3), pp.738-754. Dekker, R., Bloemhof, J. and Mallidis, I., 2012. Operations Research for green logisticsAn overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges.European Journal of Operational Research,219(3), pp.671-679 Dell.com (2017) DELL Available at: www.dell.com/ [Accessed on 11 Apr 2017] Gianpaolo, G., Laporte, G., and Musmanno, R., 2013. Introduction to Logistics Systems Management. 2nd ed. U.S.A: Wiley. Govindan, K., Soleimani, H. and Kannan, D., 2015. Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain: A comprehensive review to explore the future. European Journal of Operational Research, 240(3), pp.603-626. 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Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects.Research Policy,41(6), pp.955-967. Lozano, R., 2012. Towards better embedding sustainability into companies systems: an analysis of voluntary corporate initiatives.Journal of Cleaner Production,25, pp.14-26.